•hULOGY- 

ON 

James Abram Garfield 



':ames G. Blain 



February 27 1882 



James R. Osgood c^ Co 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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EULOGY 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD 



BY 



JAMES G. BLAINE 



DELIVERED BEFORE THE SENATE AND HOUSE 

OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE 

UNITED STATES 



February 27, 1882 



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BOSTON >. 
JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY 



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Copyright, 1882, 
By JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY. 



Ai^ rights reserved. 



jFranklin ^rtas: 

RAND, AVERY, AND COMPANY, 
BOSTON. 



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Published by authorization of Hon. James G. 
Blaine, from copy furnished by him. 



EULOGY, 



Mr. President, — For the second time 
in this generation the great departments of 
the Government of the United States are 
assembled in the Hall of Representatives 
to do honor to the memory of a murdered 
President. Lincoln fell at the close of a 
mighty struggle in which the passions of 
men had been deeply stirred. The tragical 
termination of his great life added but an- 
other to the lengthened succession of hor- 
rors which had marked so many lintels with 
the blood of the first-born. Garfield was 
slain in a day of peace, when brother had 
been reconciled to brother, and when anger 
and hate had been banished from the land. 
"Whosoever shall hereafter draw the por- 

5 



6 EULOGY ON 

trait of Murder, if he will show it as it has 
been exhibited where such example was last 
to have been looked for, let him not give it 
the grim visage of Moloch, the brow knitted 
by revenge, the face black with settled hate. 
Let him draw, rather, a decorous, smooth- 
faced, bloodless demon ; not so much an 
example of human nature in its depravity 
and in its paroxysms of crime, as an infernal 
being, a fiend in the ordinary display and 
development of his character." 

From the landing of the Pilgrims at Plym- 
outh till the uprising against Charles I., 
about twenty thousand emigrants came from 
Old England to New England. As they 
came in pursuit of intellectual freedom and 
ecclesiastical independence rather than for 
worldly honor and profit, the emigration 
naturally ceased when the contest for reli- 
gious liberty began in earnest at home. 
The man who struck his most effective blow 
for freedom of conscience by sailing for the 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 7 

Colonies in 1620 would have been accounted 
a deserter to leave after 1640. The opportu- 
nity had then come on the soil of England 
for that great contest which established the 
authority of Parliament, gave religious free- 
dom to the people, sent Charles to the 
block, and committed to the hands of Oliver 
Cromwell the supreme executive authority 
of England. The English emigration was 
never renewed ; and from these twenty thou- 
sand men, with a small emigration from Scot- 
land and from France, are descended the 
vast numbers who have New England blood 
in their veins. 

In 1685 the revocation of the Edict of 
Nantes by Louis XIV. scattered to other 
countries four hundred thousand Protes- 
tants, who were among the most intelligent 
and enterprising of French subjects, — mer- 
chants of capital, skilled manufacturers, and 
handicraftsmen superior at the time to all 
others in Europe. A considerable number 
of these Huguenot French came to Amer- 



8 EULOGY ON 

ica ; a few landed in New England, and 
became honorably prominent in its history. 
Their names have in large part become 
anglicized, or have disappeared ; but their 
blood is traceable in many of the most 
reputable families, and their fame is perpet- 
uated in honorable memorials and useful 
institutions. 

From these two sources, the English-Puri- 
tan and the French-Huguenot, came the late 
President ; his father, Abram Garfield, being 
descended from the one, and his mother, 
Eliza Ballou, from the other. 

It was good stock on both sides — none 
better, none braver, none truer. There was 
in it an inheritance of courage, of manliness, 
of imperishable love of liberty, of undying 
adherence to principle. Garfield was proud 
of his blood ; and, with as much satisfaction 
as if he were a British nobleman reading his 
stately ancestral record in Burke's Peerage, 
he spoke of himself as ninth in descent from 
those who would not endure the oppression 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 9 

of the Stuarts, and seventh in descent from- 
the brave French Protestants who refused to 
submit to tyranny even from the Grand 
Monarque. 

Gen. Garfield delighted to dwell on these 
traits ; and, during his only visit to England, 
he busied himself in discovering every trace 
of his forefathers in parish registries and 
on ancient army rolls. Sitting with a 
friend in the gallery of the House of Com- 
mons one night, after a long day's labor in 
this field of research, he said with evident 
elation that in every war in which for three 
centuries patriots of English blood had 
struck sturdy blows for constitutional gov- 
ernment and human liberty, his family had 
been represented. They were at Marston 
Moor, at Naseby, and at Preston ; they were 
at Bunker Hill, at Saratoga, and at Mon- 
mouth ; and in his own person had battled 
for the same great cause in the war which 
preserved the Union of the States. 

Losing his father before he was two years 



10 EULOGY ON 

old, the early life of Garfield was one of pri- 
vation ; but its poverty has been made indeli- 
cately and unjustly prominent. Thousands 
of readers have imagined him as the ragged, 
starving child, whose reality too often greets 
the eye in the squalid sections of our large 
cities. Gen. Garfield's infancy and youth 
had none of their destitution, none of their 
pitiful features, appealing to the tender heart 
and to the open hand of charity. He was a 
poor boy in the same sense in which Henry 
Clay was a poor boy ; in which Andrew Jack- 
son was a poor boy ; in which Daniel Web- 
ster was a poor boy ; in the sense in which a 
large majority of the eminent men of Amer- 
ica in all generations have been poor boys. 
Before a great multitude of men, in a public 
speech, Mr. Webster bore this testimony : — 

"It did not happen to me to be born in a log 
cabin ; but my elder brothers and sisters were born in 
a log cabin raised amid the snow-drifts of New Hamp- 
shire, at a period so early that when the smoke rose 
first from its rude chimney, and curled over the frozen 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. II 

hills, there was no similar evidence of a white man's 
habitation between it and the settlements on the 
rivers of Canada. Its remains still exist. I make 
to it an annual visit. I carry my children to it to 
teach them the hardships endured by the generations 
which have gone before them. I love to dwell on 
the tender recollections, the kindred ties, the early 
affections, and the touching narratives and incidents 
which mingle with all I know of this primitive family 
abode." 

With the requisite change of scene the 
same words would aptly portray the early 
days of Garfield. The poverty of the fron- 
tier, where all are engaged in a common 
struggle, and where a common sympathy 
and hearty co-operation lighten the burdens 
of each, is a very different poverty — differ- 
ent in kind, different in influence and effect 
— from that conscious and humiliating indi- 
gence which is every day forced to contrast 
itself with neighboring wealth on which it 
feels a sense of grinding dependence. The 
poverty of the frontier is, indeed, no poverty. 
It is but the beginning of wealth, and has 



12 EULOGY ON 

the boundless possibilities of the future 
always opening before it. No man ever 
grew up in the agricultural regions of the 
West where a house-raising, or even a corn- 
husking, is matter of common interest and 
helpfulness, with any other feeling than 
that of broad-minded, generous independ- 
ence. This honorable independence marked 
the youth of Garfield as it marks the youth 
of millions of the best blood and brain now 
training for the future citizenship and future 
government of the Republic. Garfield was 
born heir to land, to the title of freeholder 
which has been the patent and passport of 
self-respect with the Anglo-Saxon race ever 
since Hengist and Horsa landed on the 
shores of England. His adventure on the 
canal — an alternative between that and 
the deck of a Lake Erie schooner — was a 
farmer-boy's device for earning money, just 
as the New England lad begins a possibly 
great career by sailing before the mast 
on a coasting-vessel or on a merchantman 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 1 3 

bound to the Farther India or to the China 
Seas. 

No manly man feels any thing of shame 
in looking back to early struggles with ad- 
verse circumstances, and no man feels a 
worthier pride than when he has conquered 
the obstacles to his progress. But no one 
of noble mould desires to be looked upon as 
having occupied a menial position, as having 
been repressed by a feeling of inferiority, or 
as having suffered the evils of poverty until 
relief was found at the hand of charity. 
Gen. Garfield's youth presented no hard- 
ships which family love and family energy 
did not overcome, subjected him to no priva- 
tions which he did not cheerfully accept, and 
left no memories save those which were 
recalled with delight, and transmitted with 
profit and with pride. 

Garfield's early opportunities for securing 
an education were extremely limited, and 
yet were sufficient to develop in him an 
intense desire to learn. He could read at 



14 EULOGY ON- 

three years of age, and each winter he had 
the advantage of the district school. He 
read all the books to be found within the 
circle of his acquaintance : some of them he 
got by heart. While yet in childhood he 
was a constant student of the Bible, and 
became familiar with its literature. The 
dignity and earnestness of his speech in his 
maturer life gave evidence of this early 
training. At eighteen years of age he was 
able to teach school, and thenceforward his 
ambition was to obtain a college education. 
To this end he bent all his efforts, working 
in the harvest-field, at the carpenter's bench, 
and, in the winter season, teaching the com- 
mon schools of the neighborhood. While 
thus laboriously occupied he found time to 
prosecute his studies, and was so successful 
that at twenty-two years of age he was able 
to enter the junior class at Williams College, 
then under the presidency of the venerable 
and honored Mark Hopkins, who, in the 
fulness of his powers, survives the emi- 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 15 

nent pupil to whom he was of inestimable 
service. 

The history of Garfield's life to this 
period presents no novel features. He had 
undoubtedly shown perseverance, self-reli- 
ance, self-sacrifice, and ambition, — qualities 
which, be it said for the honor of our 
country, are everywhere to be found among 
the young men of America. But from his 
graduation at Williams onward, to the hour 
of his tragical death, Garfield's career was 
eminent and exceptional. Slowly working 
through his educational period, receiving his 
diploma when twenty-four years of age, he 
seemed at one bound to spring into con- 
spicuous and brilliant success. Within six 
years he was successively president of a 
college. State senator of Ohio, major-general 
of the Army of the United States, and 
representative elect to the National Con- 
gress. A combination of honors so varied, 
so elevated, within a period so brief and to a 
man so young, is without precedent or paral- 
lel in the history of the country. 



l6 EULOGY ON 

Garfield's army life was begun with no 
other military knowledge than such as he 
had hastily gained from books in the few 
months preceding his march to the field. 
Stepping from civil life to the head of a 
regiment, the first order he received when 
ready to cross the Ohio was to assume com- 
mand of a brigade, and to operate as an 
independent force in Eastern Kentucky. 
His immediate duty was to check the ad- 
vance of Humphrey Marshall, who was 
marcfhing down the Big Sandy with the 
intention of occupying in connection with 
other Confederate forces the entire territory 
of Kentucky, and of precipitating the State 
into secession. This was at the close of the 
year 1861. Seldom, if ever, has a young 
college professor been thrown into a more 
embarrassing and discouraging position. He 
knew just enough of military science, as he 
expressed it himself, to measure the extent 
of his ignorance; and with a handful of men 
he was marching, in rough winter weather, 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. ly 

into a strange country, among a hostile pop- 
ulation, to confront a largely superior force 
under the command of a distinguished grad- 
uate of West Point, who had seen active and 
important service in two preceding wars. 

The result of the campaign is matter of 
history. The skill, the endurance, the ex- 
traordinary energy, shown by Garfield, the 
courage he imparted to his men, raw and 
untried as himself, the measures he adopted 
to increase his force and to create in the 
enemy's mind exaggerated estimates of his 
numbers, bore perfect fruit in the routing of 
Marshall, the capture of his camp, the dis- 
persion of his force, and the emancipation 
of an important territory from the control 
of the rebellion. Coming at the close of a 
long series of disasters to the Union arms, 
Garfield's victory had an unusual and extra- 
neous importance, and in the popular judg- 
ment elevated the young commander to the 
rank of a military hero. With less than two 
thousand men in his entire command, with 



1 8 EULOGY ON 

a mobilized force of only eleven hundred, 
without cannon, he had met an army of five 
thousand and defeated them, — driving Mar- 
shall's forces successively from two strong- 
holds of their own selection, fortified with 
abundant artillery. Major-Gen. Buell, com- 
manding the Department of the Ohio, an 
experienced and able soldier of the regular 
army, published an order of thanks and con- 
gratulation on the brilliant result of the Big 
Sandy campaign, which would have turned 
the head of a less cool and sensible man 
than Garfield. Buell declared that his ser- 
vices had called into action the highest 
qualities of a soldier ; and President Lincoln 
■supplemented these words of praise by the 
more substantial reward of a brigadier-gen- 
eral's commission, to bear date from the 
day of his decisive victory over Marshall. 

The subsequent military career of Gar- 
field fully sustained its brilliant beginning. 
With his new commission he was assigned 
to the command of a brigade in the Army of 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 1 9 

the Ohio, and took part in the second and 
decisive day's fight in the great battle of 
Shiloh. The remainder of the year 1862 was 
not especially eventful to Garfield, as it was 
not to the armies with which he was serving. 
His practical sense was called into exercise 
in completing the task, assigned him by 
Gen. Buell, of reconstructing bridges, and 
re-establishing lines of railway communica- 
tion for the army. His occupation in this 
useful but not brilliant field was varied by 
service on courts-martial of importance, in 
which department of duty he won a valuable 
reputation, attracting the notice and securing 
the approval of the able and eminent Judge 
Advocate-General of the army. That of it- 
self was warrant to honorable fame ; for 
among the great men who in those trying 
days gave themselves, with entire devotion, 
to the service of their country, one who 
brought to that service the ripest learning, 
the most fervid eloquence, the most varied 
attainments, who labored with modesty, and 



20 EULOGY ON 

shunned applause, who in the day of triumph 
sat reserved and silent and grateful, — - as 
Francis Deak in the hour of Hungary's de- 
liverance, — was Joseph Holt of Kentucky, 
who in his honorable retirement enjoys the 
respect and veneration of all who love the 
Union of the States. 

Early in 1863 Garfield was assigned to the 
highly important and responsible post of 
chief-of-staff to Gen. Rosecrans, then at the 
head of the Army of the Cumberland. Per- 
haps in a great military campaign no sub- 
ordinate officer requires sounder judgment 
and a quicker knowledge of men than the 
chief-of-staff to the commanding general. An 
indiscreet man in such a position can sow 
more discord, breed more jealousy, and dis- 
seminate more strife, than any other officer 
in the entire organization. When Gen. Gar- 
field assumed his new duties, he found vari- 
ous troubles already well developed and 
seriously affecting the value and efficiency 
of the Army of the Cumberland. The en- 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 21 

ergy, the impartiality, and the tact with 
which he sought to allay these dissensions, 
and to discharge the duties of his new and 
trying position, will always remain one of 
the most striking proofs of his great versatil- 
ity. His military duties closed on the mem- 
orable field of Chickamauga, a field which, 
however disastrous to the Union arms, gave 
to him the occasion of winning imperishable 
laurels. The very rare distinction was ac- 
corded him of a great promotion for his 
bravery on a field that was lost. President 
Lincoln appointed him a major-general in 
the Army of the United States, for gallant 
and meritorious conduct in the battle of 
Chickamauga. 

The Army of the Cumberland was re-or- 
ganized under the command of Gen. Thomas, 
who promptly offered Garfield one of its 
divisions. He was extremely desirous to 
accept the position, but was embarrassed by 
the fact that he had, a year before, been 
elected to Congress, and the time when he 



22 EULOGY ON 

must take his seat was drawing near. He 
preferred to remain in the mihtary service, 
and had within his own breast the largest 
confidence of success in the wider field 
which his new rank opened to him. Balan- 
cing the arguments on the one side and the 
other, anxious to determine what was for the 
best, desirous above all things to do his 
patriotic duty, he was decisively influenced 
by the advice of President Lincoln and Sec- 
retary Stanton, both of whom assured him 
that he could at that time be of especial 
value in the House of Representatives. He 
resigned his commission of major-general on 
the fifth day of December, 1863, and took 
his seat in the House of Representatives on 
the seventh. He had served two years and 
four months in the army, and had just com- 
pleted his thirty-second year. 

The Thirty-eighth Congress is pre-emi- 
nently entitled in history to the designation 
of the War Congress. It was elected while 
the war was flagrant, and every member was 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 23 

chosen upon the issues involved in the con- 
tinuance of the struggle. The Thirty-seventh 
Congress had, indeed, legislated to a large 
extent on war measures ; but it was chosen 
before any one believed that secession of the 
States would be actually attempted. The 
magnitude of the work which fell upon its 
successor was unprecedented, both in respect 
to the vast sums of money raised for the 
support of the Army and Navy, and of the 
new and extraordinary powers of legislation 
which it was forced to exercise. Only twen- 
ty-four States were represented, and one 
hundred and eighty-two members were upon 
Its roll. Among these were many distin- 
guished party leaders on both sides, veterans 
in the public service, with established repu- 
tations for ability, and with that skill which 
comes only from parliamentary experience. 
Into this assemblage of men Garfield entered 
without special preparation, and it might 
almost be said unexpectedly. The question 
of taking command of a division of troops 



24 EULOGY ON 

under Gen. Thomas, or taking his seat in 
Congress, was kept open till the last moment, 
— so late, indeed, that the resignation of his 
military commission and his appearance in 
the House were almost contemporaneous. 
He wore the uniform of a major-general of 
the United States Army on Saturday ; and 
on Monday, in civilian's dress, he answered 
to the roll-call as a Representative in Con- 
gress from the State of Ohio. 

He was especially fortunate in the con- 
stituency which elected him. Descended 
almost entirely from New-England stock, the 
men of the Ashtabula district were intensely 
radical on all questions relating to human 
rights. Well educated, thrifty, thoroughly 
intelligent in affairs, acutely discerning of 
character, not quick to bestow confidence, 
and slow to withdraw it, they were at once 
the most helpful and most exacting of sup- 
porters. Their tenacious trust in men in 
whom they have once confided is illustrated 
by the unparalleled fact that Elisha Whittle- 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 2$ 

sey, Joshua R. Giddings, and James A. Gar- 
field represented the district for fifty-four 
years. 

There is no test of a man's ability in any 
department of public life more severe than 
service in the House of Representatives; 
there is no place where so little deference is 
paid to reputation previously acquired, or to 
eminence won outside ; no place where so 
little consideration is shown for the feelings 
or the failures of beginners. What a man 
gains in the House he gains by sheer force 
of his own character ; and if he loses and 
falls back he must expect no mercy, and will 
receive no sympathy. It is a field in which 
survival of the strongest is the recognized 
rule, and where no pretence can deceive, 
and no glamour can mislead. The real 
man is discovered, his worth is impartially 
weighed, his rank is irreversibly decreed. 

With possibly a single exception, Garfield 
was the youngest member in the House 
when he entered, and was but seven years 



26 EULOGY ON 

from his college graduation. But he had 
not been in his seat sixty days before his 
ability was recognized and his place con- 
ceded. He stepped to the front with the 
confidence of one who belonged there. The 
House was crowded with strong men of both 
parties : nineteen of them have since been 
transferred to the Senate, and many of them 
have served v/ith distinction in the guber- 
natorial chairs of their respective States, 
and on foreign missions of great conse- 
quence ; but among them all none grew so 
rapidly, none so firmly, as Garfield. As is 
said by Trevelyan of his parliamentary hero, 
Garfield succeeded '' because all the world in 
concert could not have kept him in the back- 
ground, and because when once in the front 
he played his part with a prompt intrepidity 
and a commanding ease that were but the 
outward symptoms of the immense reserves 
of energy, on which it was in his power to 
draw." Indeed, the apparently reserved 
force which Garfield possessed was one of 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 2/ 

his great characteristics. He never did so 
well but that it seemed he could easily have 
done better. He never expended so much 
strength but that he seemed to be holding 
additional power at call. This is one of the 
happiest and rarest distinctions of an effec- 
tive debater, and often counts for as much 
in persuading an assembly as the eloquent 
and elaborate argument. 

The great measure of Garfield's fame was 
filled by his service in the House of Repre- 
sentatives. His military life, illustrated by 
honorable performance, and rich in promise, 
was, as he himself felt, prematurely termi- 
nated, and necessarily incomplete. Specula- 
tion as to what he might have done, in a field 
where the great prizes are so few, cannot be 
profitable. It is sufficient to say that as a 
soldier he did his duty bravely, he did it in- 
telligently, he won an enviable fame, and He 
retired from the service without blot or 
breath against him. As a lawyer, though 
admirably equipped for the profession, he can 



28 EULOGY ON 

scarcely be said to have entered on its prac- 
tice. The few efforts he made at the bar 
were distinguished by the same high order 
of talent which he exhibited on every field 
where he was put to the test ; and, if a man 
may be accepted as a competent judge of his 
own capacities and adaptations, the law was 
the profession to which Garfield should have 
devoted himself. But fate ordained other- 
wise, and his reputation in history will rest 
largely upon his service in the House of Rep- 
resentatives. That service was exception- 
ally long. He was nine times consecutively 
chosen to the House, an honor enjoyed by 
not more than six other Representatives of 
the more than five thousand who have been 
elected from the organization of the govern- 
ment to this hour. 

As a parliamentary orator, as a debater on 
an issue squarely joined, where the position 
had been chosen and the ground laid out, 
Garfield must be assigned a very high rank. 
More, perhaps, than any man with whom hq 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 29 

was associated in public life, he gave careful 
and systematic study to public questions, and 
he came to every discussion in which he 
took part with elaborate and complete prepa- 
ration. He was a steady and indefatigable 
worker. Those who imagine that talent or 
genius can supply the place or achieve the 
results of labor will find no encouragement 
in Garfield's life. In preliminary work he 
was apt, rapid, and skilful. He possessed 
in a high degree the power of readily absorb- 
ing ideas and facts, and, like Dr. Johnson, 
had the art of getting from a book all that 
was of value in it by a reading apparently so 
quick and cursory that it seemed like a mere 
glance at the table of contents. He was a 
pre-eminently fair and candid man in debate, 
took no petty advantage, stooped to no un- 
worthy methods, avoided personal allusions, 
rarely appealed to prejudice, did not seek to 
inflame passion. He had a quicker eye for 
the strong point of his adversary than for his 
weak point, and on his own side he so mar- 



30 EULOGY ON 

shalled his weighty arguments as to make his 
hearers forget any possible lack in the com- 
plete strength of his position. He had a 
habit of stating his opponent's side with such 
amplitude of fairness and such liberality of 
concession that his followers often com- 
plained that he was giving his case away. 
But never in his prolonged participation in 
the proceedings of the House did he give his 
case away, or fail, in the judgment of com- 
petent and impartial listeners, to gain the 
mastery. 

These characteristics, which marked Gar- 
field as a great debater, did not, however, 
make him a great parliamentary leader. A 
parliamentary leader, as that term is under- 
stood wherever free representative govern- 
ment exists, is necessarily and very strictly 
the organ of his party. An ardent Ameri- 
can defined the instinctive warmth of patriot- 
ism when he offered the toast, " Our coun- 
try, always right, but, right or wrong, our 
country." The parliamentary leader who 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 3 1 

has a body of followers that will do and 
dare and die for the cause, is one who 
believes his party always right, but, right or 
wrong, is for his party. No more important 
or exacting duty devolves upon him than 
the selection of the field and the time for 
contest. He must know not merely how 
to strike, but where to strike and when 
to strike. He often skilfully avoids the 
strength of his opponent's position, and scat- 
ters confusion in his ranks, by attacking an 
exposed point when really the righteousness 
of the cause and the strength of logical 
intrenchment are against him. He conquers 
often, both against the right and the heavy 
battalions ; as when young Charles Fox, in 
the days of his Toryism, carried the House of 
Commons against justice, against its imme- 
morial rights, against his own convictions (if, 
indeed, at that period Fox had convictions), 
and, in the interest of a corrupt administra- 
tion, in obedience to a tyrannical sovereign, 
drove Wilkes from the seat to which the 



32 EULOGY ON 

electors of Middlesex had chosen him, and 
installed Luttrell in defiance not merely of 
law but of public decency. For an achieve- 
ment of that kind Garfield was disqualified, 
— disqualified by the texture of his mind, by 
the honesty of his heart, by his conscience, 
and by every instinct and aspiration of his 
nature. 

The three most distinguished parliament- 
ary leaders hitherto developed in this country 
are Mr. Clay, Mr. Douglas, and ]\Ir. Thad- 
deus Stevens. Each was a man of consum- 
mate ability, of great earnestness, of intense 
personality, differing widely each from the 
others, and yet with a signal trait in com- 
mon, — the power to command. In the give 
and take of daily discussion ; in the art of 
controlling and consolidating reluctant and 
refractory followers ; in the skill to overcome 
all forms of opposition, and to meet with 
competency and courage the varying phases 
of unlooked-for assault or unsuspected defec- 
tion, — it would be difficult to rank with these 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 33 

a fourth name in all our Congressional his- 
tory. But of these Mr. Clay was the great- 
est. It would, perhaps, be impossible to find 
in the parliamentary annals of the world a 
parallel to Mr. Clay in 1841, when at sixty- 
four years of age he took the control of the 
Whig party from the President who had re- 
ceived their suffrages, against the power of 
Webster in the Cabinet, against the elo- 
quence of Choate in the Senate, against the 
herculean efforts of Caleb Cushing and 
Henry A. Wise in the House. In unshared 
leadership, in the pride and plenitude of 
power, he hurled against John Tyler with 
deepest scorn the mass of that conquering 
column which had swept over the land in 
1840, and drove his administration to seek 
shelter behind the lines of his political foes. 
Mr. Douglas achieved a victory scarcely 
less wonderful, when in 1854, against the 
secret desires of a strong administration, 
against the wise counsel of the older chiefs, 
against the conservative instincts and even 



34 EULOGY ON 

the moral sense of the country, he forced a 
reluctant Congress into a repeal of the Mis- 
souri Compromise. Mr. Thaddeus Stevens, 
in his contests from 1865 to 1868, actually- 
advanced his parliamentary leadership until 
Congress tied the hands of the President, 
and governed the country by its own will, 
leaving only perfunctory duties to be dis- 
charged by the Executive. With two hun- 
dred millions of patronage in his hands at 
the opening of the contest, aided by the 
active force of Seward in the Cabinet and 
the moral power of Chase on the bench, 
Andrew Johnson could not command the 
suppart of one-third in either House against 
the parliamentary uprising of w^hich Thad- 
deus Stevens was the animating spirit and 
the unquestioned leader. 

From these three great men Garfield 
differed radically, — differed in the quality of 
his mind, in temperament, in the form and 
phase of ambition. He could not do what 
they did, but he could do what they could 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 35 

not ; and in the breadth of his Congressional 
work he left that which will longer exert a 
potential influence among men, and which, 
measured by the severe test of posthumous 
criticism, will secure a more enduring and 
more enviable fame. 

Those unfamiliar with Garfield's industry, 
and ignorant of the details of his work, may, 
in some degree, measure them by the annals 
of Congress. No one of the generation of 
public men to which he belonged has con- 
tributed so much that will be valuable for 
future reference. His speeches are numer- 
ous, many of them brilliant, all of them well 
studied, carefully phrased, and exhaustive of 
the subject under consideration. Collected 
from the scattered pages of ninety royal 
octavo volumes of Congressional Record, 
they would present an invaluable compend- 
ium of the political history of the most 
important era through which the National 
Government has ever passed. When the 
history of this period shall be impartially 



36 EULOGY ON 

written, when war legislation, measures of 
reconstruction, protection of human rights, 
amendments to the Constitution, mainte- 
nance of public credit, steps towards specie 
resumption, true theories of revenue, may 
be reviewed, unsurrounded by prejudice and 
disconnected from partisanism, the speeches 
of Garfield will be estimated at their true 
value, and will be found to comprise a vast 
magazine of fact and argument, of clear 
analysis and sound conclusion. Indeed, if 
no other authority were accessible, his 
speeches in the House of Representatives 
from December, 1863, to June, 1880, would 
give a well-connected history and complete 
defence of the important legislation of the 
seventeen eventful years that constitute his 
parliamentary life. Far beyond that, his 
speeches would be found to forecast many 
great measures yet to be completed, — meas- 
ures which he knew were beyond the public 
opinion of the hour, but which he confi- 
dently believed would secure popular ap- 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 2>7 

proval within the period of his own lifetime, 
and by the aid of his own efforts. 

Differing, as Garfield does, from the bril- 
liant parliamentary leaders, it is not easy to 
find his counterpart anywhere in the record 
of American public life. He perhaps more 
nearly resembles Mr. Seward in his supreme 
faith in the all-conquering power of a princi- 
ple. He had the love of learning, and the 
patient industry of investigation, to which 
John Ouincy Adams owes his prominence 
and his Presidency. He had some of those 
ponderous elements of mind which distin- 
guished Mr. Webster, and which, indeed, in 
all our public life have left the great Mas- 
sachusetts senator without an intellectual 
peer. 

In English parliamentary history, as in 
our own, the leaders in the House of Com- 
mons present points of essential difference 
from Garfield. But some of his methods 
recall the best features in the strong, in- 
dependent course of Sir Robert Peel ; and 



38 EULOGY ON 

striking resemblances are discernible in that 
most promising of modern conservatives, 
who died too early for his country and his 
fame, the Lord George Bentinck. He had 
all of Burke's love for the sublime and the 
beautiful, with, possibly, something of his 
superabundance; and in his faith and his 
magnanimity, in his power of statement, in 
his subtle analysis, in his faultless logic, in 
his love of literature, in his wealth and 
world of illustration, one is reminded of that 
great English statesman of to-day, who, con- 
fronted with obstacles that would daunt any 
but the dauntless, reviled by those whom he 
would relieve as bitterly as by those whose 
supposed rights he is forced to invade, still 
labors with serene courage for the ameliora- 
tion of Ireland, and for the honor of the 
English name. 

Garfield's nomination to the Presidency, 
while not predicted or anticipated, was not a 
surprise to the country. His prominence in 
Congress, his solid qualities, his wide reputa- 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 39 

tion, Strengthened by his then recent elec- 
tion as Senator from Ohio, kept him in the 
public eye as a man occupying the very 
highest rank among those entitled to be 
called statesmen. It was not mere chance 
that brought him this high honor. *'We 
must," says Mr. Emerson, "reckon success a 
constitutional trait. If Eric is in robust 
health, and has slept well, and is at the top 
of his condition, and thirty years old at his 
departure from Greenland, he will steer 
west, and his ships will reach Newfoundland. 
But take Eric out, and put in a stronger and 
bolder man, and the ships will sail six hun- 
dred, one thousand, fifteen hundred miles 
farther, and reach Labrador and New Eng- 
land. There is no chance in results." 

As a candidate Garfield steadily grew in 
popular favor. He was met with a storm of 
detraction at the very hour of his nomina- 
tion, and it continued with increasing volume 
and momentum until the close of his victo- 
rious campaign. 



40 EULOGY ON 

" No might nor greatness in mortality 
Can censure 'scape ; back-wounding calumny 
The whitest virtue strikes. What king so strong 
Can tie the gall up in the slanderous tongue ? " 

Under it all he was calm and strong and 
confident ; never lost his self-possession, did 
no unwise act, spoke no hasty or ill-consid- 
ered word. Indeed, nothing in his whole 
life is more remarkable or more creditable 
than his bearing through those five full 
months of vituperation, — a prolonged agony 
of trial to a sensitive man, a constant and 
cruel draft upon the powers of moral endur- 
ance. The great mass of these unjust im- 
putations passed unnoticed, and with the 
general debris of the campaign fell into 
oblivion. But in a few instances the iron 
entered his soul, and he died with the injury 
unforgotten if not unforgiven. 

One aspect of Garfield's candidacy was 
unprecedented. Never before, in the his- 
tory of partisan contests in this country, 
had a successful Presidential candidate 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 41 

spoken freely on passing events and current 
issues. To attempt any thing of the kind 
seemed novel, rash, and even desperate. 
The older class of voters recalled the unfor- 
tunate Alabama letter, in which Mr. Clay 
was supposed to have signed his political 
death-warrant. They remembered also the 
hot-tempered effusion by which Gen. Scott 
lost a large share of his popularity before 
his nomination, and the unfortunate speeches 
which rapidly consumed the remainder. 
The younger voters had seen Mr. Greeley, in 
a series of vigorous and original addresses, 
preparing the pathway for his own defeat. 
Unmindful of these warnings, unheeding 
the advice of friends, Garfield spoke to large 
crowds as he journeyed to and from New 
York in August, to a great multitude in that 
city, to delegations and deputations of every 
kind that called at Mentor during the sum- 
mer and autumn. With innumerable critics, 
watchful and eager to catch a phrase that 
might be turned into odium or ridicule, or a 



42 EULOGY ON 

sentence that might be distorted to his own 
or his party's injury, Garfield did not trip or 
halt in any one of his seventy speeches. 
This seems all the more remarkable when it 
is remembered that he did not write what he 
said, and yet spoke with such logical con- 
secutiveness of thought and such admirable 
precision of phrase as to defy the accident 
of misreport and the malignity of misrepre- 
sentation. 

In the beginning of his presidential life 
Garfield's experience did not yield him 
pleasure or satisfaction. The duties that 
engross so large a portion of the Presi- 
dent's time were distasteful to him, and were 
unfavorably contrasted with his legislative 
work. '' I have been dealing all these years 
with ideas," he impatiently exclaimed one 
day, ''and here I am dealing only with 
persons. I have been heretofore treating of 
the fundamental principles of government, 
and here I am considering all day whether 
A or B shall be appointed to this or that 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 43 

office." He was earnestly seeking some 
practical way of correcting the evils arising 
from the distribution of overgrown and 
unwieldy patronage, — evils always appre- 
ciated and often discussed by him, but whose 
magnitude had been more deeply impressed 
upon his mind since his accession to the 
Presidency. Had he lived, a comprehensive 
improvement in the mode of appointment 
and in the tenure of office would have been 
proposed by him, and with the aid of Con- 
gress no doubt perfected. 

But, while many of the executive duties 
were not grateful to him, he was assiduous 
and conscientious in their discharge. From 
the very outset he exhibited administrative 
talent of a high order. He grasped the helm 
of office with the hand of a master. In this 
respect, indeed, he constantly surprised many 
who were most intimately associated with 
him in the government, and especially those 
who had feared that he might be lacking in 
the executive faculty. His disposition of 



44 EULOGY ON 

business was orderly and rapid. His power 
of analysis, and his skill in classification, 
enabled him to despatch a vast mass of de- 
tail with singular promptness and ease. His 
Cabinet meetings were admirably conducted. 
His clear presentation of official subjects, 
his well-considered suggestion of topics on 
which discussion was invited, his quick de- 
cision when all had been heard,' combined to 
show a thoroughness of mental training as 
rare as his natural ability and his facile 
adaptation to a new and enlarged field of 
labor. 

With a perfect comprehension of all the 
inheritances of the war, with a cool calcula- 
tion of the obstacles in his way, impelled 
always by a generous enthusiasm, Garfield 
conceived that much might be done by his 
administration towards restoring harmony 
between the different sections of the Union. 
He was anxious to go South, and speak to 
the people. As early as April he had in- 
effectually endeavored to arrange for a trip 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 45 

to Nashville, whither he had been cordially 
invited, and he was again disappointed a few 
weeks later to find that he could not go to 
South Carolina to attend the centennial cele- 
bration of the victory of the Cowpens. But 
for the autumn, he definitely counted on 
being present at three memorable assemblies 
in the South, — the celebration at Yorktown, 
the opening of the Cotton Exposition at 
Atlanta, and the meeting of the Army of 
the Cumberland at Chattanooga. .He was 
already turning over in his mind his address 
for each occasion ; and the three taken 
together, he said to a friend, gave him the 
exact scope and verge which he needed. At 
Yorktown he would have before him the as- 
sociations of a hundred years that bound the 
South and the North in the sacred memory 
of a common danger and a common victory. 
At Atlanta he would present the material 
interests and the industrial development 
which appealed to the thrift and independence 
of every household, and which should unite 



46 EULOGY ON 

the two sections by the instinct of self- 
interest and self-defence. At Chattanooga 
he would revive memories of the war only 
to show that after all its disaster, and all 
its suffering, the country was stronger and 
greater, the Union rendered indissoluble, 
and the future, through the agony and blood 
of one generation, made brighter and better 
for all. 

Garfield's ambition for the success of his 
administration was high. With strong cau- 
tion and conservatism in his nature, he was 
in no danger of attempting rash experiments 
or of resorting to the empiricism of states- 
manship. But he believed that renewed and 
closer attention should be given to questions 
affecting the material interests and commer- 
cial prospects of fifty millions of people. 
He believed that our continental relations, 
extensive and undeveloped as they are, in- 
volved responsibility, and could be cultivated 
into profitable friendship or be abandoned to 
harmful indifference or lasting enmity. He 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 47 

believed with equal confidence that an essen- 
tial forerunner to a new era of national prog- 
ress must be a feeling of contentment in 
every section of the Union, and a generous 
belief that the benefits and burdens of gov- 
ernment would be common to all. Himself 
a conspicuous illustration of what ability and 
ambition may do under republican institu- 
tions, he loved his country with a passion of 
patriotic devotion, and every waking thought 
was given to her advancement. He was an 
American in all his aspirations, and he looked 
to the destiny and influence of the United 
States with the philosophic composure of 
Jefferson and the demonstrative confidence 
of John Adams. 

The political events which disturbed the 
President's serenity for many weeks before 
that fateful day in July form an important 
chapter in his career, and, in his own judg- 
ment, involved questions of principle and of 
right which are vitally essential to the con- 
stitutional administration of the Federal 



48 EULOGY ON 

Government. It would be out of place here, 
and now, to speak the language of contro- 
versy ; but the events referred to, however 
they may continue to be source of conten- 
tion with others, have become, so far as 
Garfield is concerned, as much a matter of 
history as his heroism at Chickamauga or 
his illustrious service in the House. Detail 
is not needful, and personal antagonism shall 
not be rekindled by any word uttered to-day. 
The motives of those opposing him are not 
to be here adversely interpreted, nor their 
course harshly characterized. But of the 
dead President this is to be said, and said 
because his own speech is forever silenced, 
and he can be no more heard except through 
the fidelity and the love of surviving friends : 
From the beginning to the end of the con- 
troversy he so much deplored, the President 
was never for one moment actuated by any 
motive of gain to himself or of loss to others. 
Least of all men did he harbor revenge, 
rarely did he even show resentment, and 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 49 

malice was not in his nature. He was con- 
genially employed only in the exchange of 
good offices and the doing of kindly deeds. 

There was not an hour, from the begin- 
ning of the trouble till the fatal shot entered 
his body, when the President would not 
gladly, for the sake of restoring harmony, 
have retraced any step he had taken if such 
retracing had merely involved consequences 
personal to himself. The pride of consist- 
ency, or any supposed sense of humiliation 
that might result from surrendering his posi- 
tion, had not a feather's weight with him. 
No man was ever less subject to such influ- 
ences from within or from without. But 
after most anxious deliberation and the cool- 
est survey of all the circumstances, he sol- 
emnly believed that the true prerogatives of 
the Executive were involved in the issue 
which had been raised, and that he would be 
unfaithful to his supreme obligation if he 
failed to maintain, in all their vigor, the con- 
stitutional rights and dignities of his great 



50 EULOGY ON 

office. He believed this in all the convic- 
tions of conscience when in sound and vigor- 
ous health, and he believed it in his suffering 
and prostration in the last conscious thought 
which his wearied mind bestowed on the 
transitory struggles of life. 

More than this need not be said. Less 
than this could not be said. Justice to the 
dead, the highest obligation that devolves 
upon the living, demands the declaration 
that in all the bearings of the subject, actual 
or possible, the President was content in his 
mind, justified in his conscience, immovable 
in his conclusions. 

The religious element in Garfield's charac- 
ter was deep and earnest. In his early 
youth he espoused the faith of the Disciples, 
a sect of that great Baptist communion, 
which in different ecclesiastical establish- 
ments is so numerous and so influential 
throughout all parts of the United States. 
But the broadening tendency of his mind 
and his active spirit of inquiry were early 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 5 I 

apparent, and carried him beyond the dogmas 
of sect and the restraints of association. In 
selecting a college in which to continue his 
education, he rejected Bethany, though pre- 
sided over by Alexander Campbell, the 
greatest preacher of his Church. His rea- 
sons were characteristic : first, that Bethany 
leaned too heavily toward slavery ; and, sec- 
ond, that being himself a Disciple, and the 
son of Disciple parents, he had little ac- 
quaintance with people of other beliefs, and 
he thought it would make him more liberal, 
— quoting his own words, — both in his reli- 
gious and general views, to go into a new 
circle, and be under new influences. 

The liberal tendency which he anticipated 
as the result of wider culture was fully real- 
ized. He was emancipated from mere sec- 
tarian belief, and with eager interest pushed 
his investigations in the direction of mod- 
ern progressive thought. He followed with 
quickening step in the paths of exploration 
and speculation so fearlessly trodden by 



52 EULOGY ON 

Darwin, by Huxley, by Tyndall, and by 
other living scientists of the radical and 
advanced type. His own church, binding 
its disciples by no formulated creed, but 
accepting the Old and New Testaments as 
the word of God, with unbiased liberty of 
private interpretation, favored, if it did not 
stimulate, the spirit of investigation. Its 
members profess wdth sincerity, and profess 
only, to be of one mind and one faith with 
those who immediately followed the Master, 
and who were first called Christians at An- 
tioch. 

But however high Garfield reasoned of 
*' fixed fate, free will, foreknowledge abso- 
lute," he was never separated from the 
Church of the Disciples in his affections 
and in his associations. For him it held 
the ark of the covenant. To him it was the 
gate of heaven. The world of religious be- 
lief is full of solecisms and contradictions. 
A philosophic observer declares that men 
by the thousand will die in defence of a 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 53 

creed whose doctrines they do not compre- 
hend, and whose tenets they habitually vio- 
late. It is equally true that men by the 
thousand will cling to church organizations 
with instinctive and undying fidelity when 
their belief in maturer years is radically dif- 
ferent from that which inspired them as 
neophytes. 

But after this range of speculgation, and 
this latitude of doubt, Garfield came back 
always with freshness and delight to the 
simpler instincts of religious faith, which, 
earliest implanted, longest survive. Not 
many weeks before his assassination, walk- 
ing on the banks of the Potomac with a 
friend, and conversing on those topics of 
personal religion concerning which noble 
natures have an unconquerable reserve, he 
said that he found the Lord's Prayer and 
the simple petitions learned in infancy infi- 
nitely restful to him, not merely in their 
stated repetition, but in their casual and fre- 
quent recall as he went about the daily 



54 EULOGY ON 

duties of life. Certain texts of scripture 
had a very strong hold on his memory and 
his heart. He heard, while in Edinburgh 
some years ago, an eminent Scotch preacher 
who prefaced his sermon with reading the 
eighth chapter of the Epistle to the Ro- 
mans, which book had been the subject of 
careful study with Garfield during all his 
religious life. He was greatly impressed by 
the elocution of the preacher, and declared 
that it had imparted a new and deeper mean- 
ing to the majestic utterances of St. Paul. 
He referred often in after-years to that 
memorable service, and dwelt with exaltation 
of feeling upon the radiant promise and the 
assured hope with which the great Apostle 
of the Gentiles was " persuaded that neither 
death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, 
nor powers, nor things present, nor things 
to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any 
other creature, shall be able to separate us 
from the love of God, which is in Christ 
Jesus our Lord." 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 55 

The crowning characteristic of Gen. Gar- 
field's religious opinions, as, indeed, of all his 
opinions, was his liberality. In all things 
he had charity. Tolerance was of his 
nature. He respected in others the quali- 
ties which he possessed himself, — sincerity 
of conviction, and frankness of expression. 
With him the inquiry was not so much what 
a man believes, but, does he believe it } The 
lines of his friendship and his confidence 
encircled men of every creed, and men of no 
creed ; and to the end of his life, on his ever- 
lengthening list of friends, were to be found 
the names of a pious Catholic priest and of 
an honest-minded and generous-hearted free- 
thinker. 
^ On the morning of Saturday, July 2, the 
President was a contented and happy man — 
not in an ordinary degree, but joyfully, 
almost boyishly happy. On his way to the 
railroad-station to which he drove slowly, in 
conscious enjoyment of the beautiful morn- 
ing, with an unwonted sense of leisure and 



56 EULOGY ON 

a keen anticipation of pleasure, his talk was 
all in the grateful and gratulatory vein. He 
felt that after four months of trial his admin- 
istration was strong in its grasp of affairs, 
strong in popular favor and destined to grow 
stronger; that grave difficulties confronting 
him at his inauguration had been safely 
passed ; that trouble lay behind him and not 
before him ; that he was soon to meet the 
wife whom he loved, now recovering from an 
illness which had but lately disquieted and 
at times almost unnerved him ; that he was 
going to his Alma Mater to renew the most 
cherished associations of his young man- 
hood, and to exchange greetings with those 
whose deepening interest had followed every 
step of his upward progress from the day 
he entered upon his college course until he 
had attained the loftiest elevation in the gift 
of his countrymen. 

Surely, if happiness can ever come from 
the honors or triumphs of this world, on that 
quiet July morning James A. Garfield may 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 5/ 

well have been a happy man. No forebod- 
ing of evil haunted him; no slightest pre- 
monition of danger clouded his sky. His 
terrible fate was upon him in an instant. 
One moment he stood erect, strong, confi- 
dent in the years stretching peacefully out 
before him. The next he lay wounded, 
bleeding, helpless, doomed to weary weeks 
of torture, to silence, and the grave. 

Great in life, he was surpassingly great in 
death. For no cause, in the very frenzy of 
wantonness and wickedness, by the red hand 
of murder, he was thrust from the full tide 
of this world's interest, from its hopes, its 
aspirations, its victories, into the visible 
presence of death — and he did not quail. 
Not alone for the one short moment in 
which, stunned and dazed, he could give up 
life, hardly aware of its relinquishment, but 
through days of deadly languor, through 
weeks of agony, that was not less agony 
because silently borne, with clear sight and 
calm courage, he looked into his open grave. 



58 EULOGY ON 

What blight and ruin met his anguished 
eyes, whose lips may tell ! — what brilliant 
broken plans, what baffled high ambitions, 
what sundering of strong warm manhood's 
friendships, what bitter rending of sweet 
household ties ! Behind him a proud, ex- 
pectant nation, a great host of sustaining 
friends ; a cherished and happy mother, wear- 
ing the full, rich honors of her early toil and 
tears ; the wife of his youth, whose whole 
life lay in his ; the little boys not yet 
emerged from childhood's day of frolic ; the 
fair young daughter; the sturdy sons just 
springing into closest companionship, claim- 
ing every day and every day rewarding a 
father's love and care ; and in his heart the 
eager, rejoicing power to meet all demand. 
Before him, desolation and great darkness ! 
And his soul was not shaken. His country- 
men were thrilled with instant, profound, 
and universal sympathy. Masterful in his 
mortal weakness, he became the centre of a 
nation's love, enshrined in the prayers of a 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 5g 

world. But all the love and all the sympa- 
thy could not share with him his suffering. 
He trod the wine-press alone. With unfal- 
tering front he faced death. With unfailing 
tenderness he took leave of life. Above the 
demoniac hiss of the assassin's bullet he 
heard the voice of God. With simple resig- 
nation he bowed to the divine decree. 

As the end drew near, his early craving 
for the sea returned. The stately mansion 
of power had been to him the wearisome 
hospital of pain ; and he begged to be taken 
from its prison walls, from its oppressive, 
stifling air, from its homelessness and its 
hopelessness. Gently, silently, the love of 
a great people bore the pale sufferer to the 
longed-for healing of the sea, to live or to 
die, as God should will, within sight of its 
heaving billows, within sound of its manifold 
voices. With wan, fevered face tenderly 
lifted to the cooling breeze, he looked out 
wistfully upon the ocean's changing won- 
ders, — on its far sails, whitening in the 



60 EULOGY ON JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 

morning light ; on its restless waves, rolling 
shoreward to break and die beneath the 
noonday sun ; on the red clouds of evening, 
arching low to the horizon ; on the serene 
and shining pathway of the stars. Let us 
think that his dying eyes read a mystic 
meaning which only the rapt and parting 
soul may know. Let us believe that in the 
silence of the receding world he heard the 
great waves breaking on a farther shore, and 
felt already upon his wasted brow the breath 
of the eternal morning. 



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